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You can use the conceptual model of your organization as a communications tool to facilitate cooperative work among your database designers, application programmers, and end users. Good conceptual models can help resolve the differing conceptions of data among these groups. Conceptual models help define the constraints that your organization imposes on the data and help clarify data processing needs, thus aiding in the creation of sound databases. ER modeling views all objects of the business area being modeled as entities that have certain attributes. An entity is anything of interest to the system that exists in the business world. An entity can be real (for example, a student) or it can be conceptual (a student enrollment, which does not actually exist until the entity s student and course are combined when the student signs up for a particular course). Conceptual entities are generally the hardest to discover, but ER modeling, as you shall see, assists in their discovery. Attributes of entities are simply properties of the entities that are of interest to you. For example, a student entity may have attributes such as Student ID, Address, Phone Number, and so on. ER modeling further describes the relationships among these business entities. Relationships describe how the different entities are connected (or related) to one another. For example, an employee is an entity that possesses attributes such as Name and Address, and he or she is, or may be, related to another entity in the model called Department through the fact that the employee works in that department. In this case, works is the relationship between the employee and the department.

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The runtime can differentiate between both overloads when they have different signature modifiers, even if the rest of the functions are the same Managed code can also use functions that have native pointer types as arguments, like the function shown here: void f(int* pi); The C++/CLI compiler translates this function into the following IL method: method assembly static void f(int32* pi) cil managed.

You can depict two or more entities in a relationship, and depending on the number of entities, you may describe the degree of relationship as binary, ternary, quaternary, etc. The most common degree of relationship in real life cases is binary, so let s examine a binary relationship in more detail. The cardinality of a relationship indicates how many instances of one entity can be related to an instance of another entity. Just because a binary relationship reflects a relationship between two entities, it doesn t mean that there is always a one-to-one relationship between them cardinality

If you don t use an autonomous transaction, all the changes in your session will be committed or rolled back at once (when you issue a COMMIT or ROLLBACK statement). The autonomous transactions give you the ability to commit or roll back the subprogram s changes independent of the main program. Also note that if you don t commit or roll back an autonomous transaction, Oracle will issue an error message.

Listing 6-7 provides a simple example of an autonomous transaction. Note that the PRAGMA (a compiler directive) AUTONOMOUS TRANSACTION statement is instructing Oracle to mark the attached piece of code, the loans function, as autonomous. Listing 6-7. A Simple Autonomous Transaction SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE package lending AS function loans (user_id integer) return real; -- add additional functions and/or packages END lending; CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY lending AS function loans (user_id integer) return REAL IS PRAGMA AUTONOMOUS_TRANSACTION; loan_bal REAL; BEGIN --the code goes here END; -- any additional functions and/or packages go here END lending; SQL> Autonomous transactions provide you with a lot of flexibility. You can suspend the main transaction, run the autonomous transaction, and resume the processing of the main transaction. The autonomous transaction s committed changes are visible to the main transaction, because the default isolation level in Oracle is read committed, meaning that a transaction will see all the committed data. There can be many uses for autonomous transactions. For example, you can use the transactions to send error-logging messages. You can have a single procedure that will write error messages to an error log table and invoke this procedure as an autonomous transaction from a regular transaction. Listing 6-8 shows how to write error messages to a table.

#!/bin/ksh HOME=/usr/local/pass_aging ARCHIVE=$HOME/archive BIN="$HOME/bin" DEBUG=duh shad=/usr/local/pass_aging/bin/shadow_nis pswd=/var/yp/src/passwd PERL=/usr/bin/perl ED=ed.script